Types of Cryogenic Valves

There are several types of cryogenic valves, each suited for different applications and flow control needs:

• Cryogenic ball valves: These use a ball with a hole to control flow. They offer excellent flow characteristics and a tight seal, making them ideal for on/off applications where an unrestricted flow path is required.
• Cryogenic globe valves: Characterized by their spherical shape, these valves use a movable disc to regulate flow. They are excellent for throttling or precise flow control, but are not recommended for high-flow systems due to increased pressure drop.
• Cryogenic Gate Valves: These valves use a wedge-shaped gate that moves perpendicular to the flow. When fully open, they offer minimal pressure drop, making them suitable for isolation applications where the valve is either fully open or fully closed.
• Cryogenic Butterfly Valves: These are lightweight and economical, using a rotating disc to control flow. They are ideal for applications that require quick opening and closing actions.
• Cryogenic Check Valves: Designed to prevent backflow, these valves ensure that the cryogenic fluid flows in only one direction, which is critical for system safety.
• Cryogenic Relief Valves: These safety valves are designed to protect the system from over-pressurization by automatically venting excess pressure when it exceeds a set limit.

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Types and Standards

Trunnion ball valves are primarily classified by their body construction, with each design serving specific maintenance and application needs.

• Side-Entry/Split Body: The valve body is made of two or three bolted pieces, allowing for easy access to the internal components for maintenance or repair without removing the entire valve from the pipeline.
• Top-Entry: The valve body is made of two or three bolted pieces, allowing for easy access to the internal components for maintenance or repair without removing the entire valve from the pipeline.
• Fully Welded: The valve body is fully welded, eliminating potential leak paths. This robust design is preferred for critical applica tions in oil and gas pipelines where no maintenance is anticipated for long periods.

ASME and API Standards

• ASME B16.34: This standard governs the design, pressure-temperature ratings, and materials for valves, including trunnion ball valves. It ensures that the valve’s construction is suitable for its intended service.
• API 6D: This is a key specification for pipeline valves (including ball valves), covering design, manufacturing, testing, and documentation requirements for petroleum and natural gas pipeline systems. It specifies the critical dimensions and features for trunnion valves.

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Tipi and Standards

While there aren’t distinct “types” of pigging trunnion ball valves beyond their body construction (welded, bolted, etc.), they can be classified by their function in the pigging process.

• Launcher Valve: This type is installed at the beginning of a pipeline section. The side chamber is used to load the pig, and then the valve is opened to allow pipeline pressure to push the pig into the line.
• Receiver Valve: This valve is at the end of a pipeline section. It is designed to safely capture and contain the pig as it exits the pipeline.

ASME and API Standards

The design, manufacturing, and testing of these valves are governed by key industry standards that ensure their safety and reliability in critical pipeline applications.

• ASME B16.34: This foundational standard provides the general requirements for valve design, materials, and pressure-temperature ratings. It ensures the valve’s structural
  integrity and ability to safely contain pressure.
• API 6D: This is the primary standard for pipeline valves, including pigging ball valves. It specifies requirements for design, manufacturing, testing, and documentation to ensure valves can withstand the demanding conditions of petroleum and natural gas pipeline systems.
• API 598: This standard outlines the specific inspection and testing procedures for valves, including hydrostatic and pneumatic tests to check for leaks. It verifies the valve’s shell and seat integrity.
• API 6DX: This standard specifically addresses the design and testing of pipeline actuators, which are often used on these large, high-torque valves.

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Types of Pig Trap

There are different types of pig launchers and receivers, which differ primarily in design and function:

• Conventional pig traps: These are the most common type and consist of a main cylinder into which the pig is loaded or received, and a smaller cylinder that connects to the main pipeline. They are often used for cleaning and inspecting pigs.
• Ball traps: Designed specifically for launching and receiving spherical pigs, they are often more compact than conventional traps and are used for dosing different products.
• Bidirectional Traps: These versatile units are designed to both launch and receive pigs. They are particularly useful in pipelines with bidirectional flow, as they eliminate the need for separate launchers and receivers at each end.
• Offshore Traps: Designed for the harsh marine environment, these traps are typically more compact and robust than their onshore counterparts. They can also be designed for automated or remote operation to minimize human intervention.

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Types of Sight Glasses

Sight glasses are primarily classified by their design and the type of flow they are intended to observe

• Full View (Tubular): This design uses a long, cylindrical glass tube, which allows for a 360-degree view of the fluid. It’s often used for low-pressure applications and where
  maximum visibility is required.
• Double Window (Bulls-Eye): This is a more common design for pressurized lines. It consists of two circular windows on opposite sides of the valve body, allowing an operator to see through the fluid.
• Flow Indicators: These are variations of the double-window design that incorporate a moving element to help detect flow.
  • Flapper/Flapper-Type: Uses a hinged “flapper” that is deflected by the force of the fluid flow, providing a visible indication of flow presence and approximate flow rate.
  • Rotary/Spinner-Type: Contains a rotor or impeller that spins as fluid passes through, indicating both the presence and direction of flow.
  • Ball-Type: A simple design with a ball that moves up in a vertical pipe or oscillates in a horizontal pipe to indicate flow.

ASME and API Standards

While there is no single ASME or API standard dedicated solely to sight glasses, their design, construction, and testing are often governed by standards for other pressure-containing equipment.

• ASME B16.34: This standard for valves, which can sometimes incorporate a sight glass, provides general design and pressure-temperature rating requirements.
• API 598: This standard outlines the inspection and testing procedures for valves, and it can be applied to sight glasses to ensure their pressure integrity.
• DIN 7080 & 7079: These are European standards that are frequently cited for sight glass quality. DIN 7080 specifies the quality requirements for borosilicate glass, while DIN 7079 sets the standards for fused-glass sight glasses in metal frames.
• ASME BPE: For sanitary applications in the biopharmaceutical industry, sight glasses must comply with ASME BPE standards to ensure they are free of crevices where bacteria could accumulate

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Types of Orifice Plates

Orifice plates are classified by the design of their opening, which makes them suitable for different fluid properties and applications.

• Concentric Orifice Plate: This is the most common type, with a circular hole centered in the middle of the plate. It is used for clean liquids, gases, and steam where no solids are present.
• Eccentric Orifice Plate: The hole is offset from the center, positioned closer to the pipe wall. This design helps prevent the accumulation of solids or sediment in the pipe, making it suitable for viscous fluids or fluids with entrained solids.
• Segmental Orifice Plate: This type has a segment-shaped opening, designed specifically to handle fluids with a high concentration of solids or slurries, as it provides a large open area for passage.
• Quadrant-Edge Orifice Plate: The inlet edge of the hole is rounded in a quarter-circle shape. This design is ideal for measuring the flow of high-viscosity fluids (such as heavy crude oil or syrups) at low Reynolds numbers.

ASME and API Standards

The design, fabrication, and use of orifice plates are governed by a number of standards to ensure accuracy and consistency.

• API MPMS Chapter 14.3 / AGA Report No. 3: This is a key standard for orifice metering of natural gas and other hydrocarbon fluids. It provides detailed equations, specifications, and installation requirements for orifice plates and meter tubes to ensure high-accuracy measurement.
• ASME MFC-3M: This standard specifies the design, installation, and performance of orifice plates, nozzles, and venturi tubes for fluid flow measurement in pipes. It provides the technical basis for calculating flow rate from differential pressure measurements.
• ASME B16.36: This standard is specifically for orifice flanges, which are the flanges used to install orifice plates. It provides dimensions, tolerances, and markings to ensure a proper and secure installation.
• ISO 5167: This international standard provides a broad framework for the measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices, including orifice plates, nozzles, and Venturi tubes. It’s often used in conjunction with API and ASME standards.

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